Why curry for Alzheimer's

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Salk researchers

J147 is a derivative of curry's turmeric spice. It beat the Alzheimer's drug Aricept (generic: donepezil) on several memory tests. The Salk Institute says it may benefit Parkinson's, Huntington's & vascular dementia. Find out how J147 prevented memory loss & slowed Alzheimer's. 

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LA JOLLA, CA—A drug developed by scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, known as J147, reverses memory deficits and slows Alzheimer's disease in aged mice following short-term treatment. 

J147 was developed at Salk in the laboratory of David Schubert, a professor in the Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory.

India has Less Alzheimer's than the USA

Dr. Schubert said,

"It's been known for a long time that people in India don't get very much Alzheimer's relative to what happens in the United States and the rest of the world.

"One of the curiousities about the diet in India is that they eat a lot of curry. A major spice in curry is turmeric. A major component of turmeric is curcumin.

"Curcumin has been around for a while. It is an FDA-Approved drug for cancer. A friend of mine in Los Angeles, Greg Cole, found that if you give curcumin to very similar mice to what this study's author has been using, they get a little better, the (Alzheimer's) plaques go away.

"The problem with curcumin is that it is not a great drug, in the sense that it gets degraded very rapidly. It's availability is quite low in the bloodstream and the brain.

"We decided to make a better version of this.We did a lot of medicinal chemistry. We came up with J147."

"Strong Potential to Slow Alzheimer's"

Lead study author Marguerite Prior, a research associate in Salk's Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, added,

"J147 is an exciting new compound because it really has strong potential to be an Alzheimer's disease therapeutic by slowing disease progression and reversing memory deficits following short-term treatment."

Because of its broad ability to protect nerve cells, the researchers believe that J147 may also be effective for treating other neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as well as vascular dementia from stroke, although their study did not directly explore the drug's efficacy as a therapy for those diseases. 
The findings, published in the journal Alzheimer's Research and Therapy, may pave the way to a new treatment for Alzheimer's disease in humans. 

Despite years of research, scientists are still seeking the first disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer's. Current FDA-approved medications include

1. Aricept^® (generic donepezil)
2. Razadyne^® (generic galantamine)
3. Exelon^® (generic rivastigmine, sometimes branded as Ebixa^® in Europe)

These offer only fleeting short-term benefits for Alzheimer's patients, but they do nothing to slow the steady, irreversible decline of brain function that erases a person's memory and ability to think clearly.

Protecting Brain Cells

Professor Schubert and his colleagues bucked the trend within the pharmaceutical industry, which has focused on the biological pathways involved in the formation of amyloid plaques, the dense deposits of protein that characterize the disease. Instead, the Salk team used living neurons grown in laboratory dishes to test whether their new synthetic compounds, which are based upon natural products derived from plants, were effective at protecting brain cells against several pathologies associated with brain aging. 

From the test results of each chemical iteration of the lead compound, they were able to alter their chemical structures to make them much more potent. Although J147 appears to be safe in mice, the next step will require clinical trials to determine whether the compound will prove safe and effective in humans. Professor Schubert said,

"Alzheimer's disease research has traditionally focused on a single target, the amyloid pathway, but unfortunately drugs that have been developed through this pathway have not been successful in clinical trials. Our approach is based on the pathologies associated with old age - the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases - rather than only the specificities of the disease."

Salk scientists developed J147, a synthetic drug shown to improve memory and prevent brain damage in mice with Alzheimer's disease.

Images: Courtesy of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies

To test the efficacy of J147 in a much more rigorous preclinical Alzheimer's model, the Salk team treated mice using a therapeutic strategy that they say more accurately reflects the human symptomatic stage of Alzheimer's. Administered in the food of 20-month-old genetically engineered mice, at a stage when Alzheimer's pathology is advanced, J147 rescued severe memory loss, reduced soluble levels of amyloid, and increased neurotrophic factors essential for memory, after only three months of treatment. 

In a different experiment, the scientists tested J147 directly against Aricept (generic donepezil), the most widely prescribed Alzheimer's drug, and found that it performed as well or better in several memory tests. 

"In addition to yielding an exceptionally promising therapeutic, both the strategy of using mice with existing disease and the drug discovery process based upon aging are what make the study interesting and exciting," says Schubert, "because it more closely resembles what happens in humans, who have advanced pathology when diagnosis occurs and treatment begins." Most studies test drugs before pathology is present, which is preventive rather than therapeutic and may be the reason drugs don't transfer from animal studies to humans.

Helps New Neurons Grow & Connect

Prior and her colleagues say that several cellular processes known to be associated with Alzheimer's pathology are affected by J147, including an increase in a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which protects neurons from toxic insults, helps new neurons grow and connect with other brain cells, and is involved in memory formation. Postmortem studies show lower than normal levels of BDNF in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. 

The Salk researchers say that J147, with its memory enhancing and neuroprotective properties, along with its safety and availability as an oral medication, would make an "ideal candidate" for Alzheimer's disease clinical trials. They are currently seeking funding for such a trial. 

MORE INFORMATION:
Other researchers on the study were Richard Dargusch, Jennifer L. Ehren and Chandra Chiruta, of the Salk Institute.

The work was supported by the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, the Bundy Foundation, the Fritz Burns Foundation, the George E. Hewitt Foundation, the Alzheimer's Association, and the National Institutes of Health.

About the Salk Institute for Biological Studies:
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is one of the world's preeminent basic research institutions, where internationally renowned faculty probe fundamental life science questions in a unique, collaborative, and creative environment. Focused both on discovery and on mentoring future generations of researchers, Salk scientists make groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of cancer, aging, Alzheimer's, diabetes and infectious diseases by studying neuroscience, genetics, cell and plant biology, and related disciplines.

Faculty achievements have been recognized with numerous honors, including Nobel Prizes and memberships in the National Academy of Sciences. Founded in 1960 by polio vaccine pioneer Jonas Salk, M.D., the Institute is an independent nonprofit organization and architectural landmark

Benefits of turmeric

Caregivers, and healthcare professionals,here is some great information

Here is a great dementia resource for caregivers and healthcare professionals,

Follow alzheimersideas on twitter
The Dementia Caregiver's Little Book of Hope [Kindle Edition]

Your residents will love the Amazon Kindle Fire

Here is information on being the best caregiver you can be

Here is a way for nurses administrators, social workers and other health care  professionals to get an easyceu or two

Salk Institute's J147 is a derivative of turmeric, a spice used in curry. Learn how it fights memory deficits and has a host of unexpected anti-aging effects in the lab. 

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Salk Institute researchers have found that J147, which is an experimental drug candidate aimed at combating Alzheimer's disease, has a host of unexpected anti-aging effects in animals.

J147, Alzheimer's and Old Age

The Salk team expanded upon their previous development of the drug candidate they labeled J147. It is a derivative of the common spice, turmeric, and takes a different tack by targeting Alzheimer's major risk factor -- old age. In the new work, the team showed that the drug candidate worked well in a mouse model of aging not typically used in Alzheimer's research. When these mice were treated with J147, they had better memory and cognition, healthier blood vessels in the brain and other improved physiological features, as detailed in the journal Aging.

Fighting Alzheimer's By Fighting Aging

"Initially, the impetus was to test this drug in a novel animal model that was more similar to 99 percent of Alzheimer's cases," says Antonio Currais, the lead author and a member of Professor David Schubert's Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory at Salk. "We did not predict we'd see this sort of anti-aging effect, but J147 made old mice look like they were young, based upon a number of physiological parameters."

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder, recently ranked as the third leading cause of death in the United States and affecting more than five million Americans. It is also the most common cause of dementia in older adults, according to the National Institutes of Health.

"While most drugs developed in the past 20 years target the amyloid plaque deposits in the brain (which are a hallmark of the disease), none have proven effective in the clinic," says Schubert, senior author of the study.

Expanding the Fight to More Common Dementias

Several years ago, Schubert and his colleagues began to approach the treatment of the disease from a new angle. Rather than target amyloid, the lab decided to zero in on the major risk factor for the disease--old age. Using cell-based screens against old age-associated brain toxicities, they synthesized J147.

Previously, the team found that J147 could prevent and even reverse memory loss and Alzheimer's pathology in mice that have a version of the inherited form of Alzheimer's, the most commonly used mouse model. However, this form of the disease comprises only about 1 percent of Alzheimer's cases. For everyone else, old age is the primary risk factor, says Schubert. The team wanted to explore the effects of the drug candidate on a breed of mice that age rapidly and experience a version of dementia that more closely resembles the age-related human disorder.

Young Mice, Old Mice and J147-fed Mice

In this latest work, the researchers used a comprehensive set of assays to measure the expression of all genes in the brain, as well as over 500 small molecules involved with metabolism in the brains and blood of three groups of the rapidly aging mice. The three groups of rapidly aging mice included one set that was young, one set that was old and one set that was old but fed J147 as they aged.

7 Benefits

The old mice fed J147 saw the following benefits:

1. They performed better on memory and other tests for cognition
2. They displayed more robust motor movements.
3. They had fewer pathological signs of Alzheimer's in their brains.
4. J147 prevented the leakage of blood from the microvessels in the brains of old mice. "Damaged blood vessels are a common feature of aging in general, and in Alzheimer's, it is frequently much worse," says Currais.
   
   Importantly, because of the large amount of data collected on the three groups of mice, it was possible to demonstrate that many aspects of gene expression and metabolism in the old mice fed J147 were very similar to those of the young animals. These included:
5. markers for increased energy metabolism,
6. reduced brain inflammation and
7. reduced levels of oxidized fatty acids in the brain.

Human Clinical Trials

Currais and Schubert note that while these studies represent a new and exciting approach to Alzheimer's drug discovery and animal testing in the context of aging, the only way to demonstrate the clinical relevance of the work is to move J147 into human clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease.

"If proven safe and effective for Alzheimer's, the apparent anti-aging effect of J147 would be a welcome benefit," adds Schubert. The team aims to begin human trials next year.

Related Article:

Curry Derivative J147 Beats Aricept for Alzheimer's

MORE INFORMATION:

• Other authors on the paper include Oswald Quehenberger of the University of California, San Diego; and Joshua Goldberg, Catherine Farrokhi, Max Chang, Marguerite Prior, Richard Dargusch, Daniel Daugherty and Pamela Maher of the Salk Institute.
• This study was supported by the Salk Institute Pioneer Fund Postdoctoral Scholar Award and the Salk Nomis Fellowship Award, fellowships from the Hewitt Foundation and Bundy Foundation, and grants from the Burns Foundation and NIH.

SOURCE:

• Salk Institute